BERNAMA - EAGA Mulls Joint Fishery Development Framework
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Tuesday, 21 July 2009
Tuesday, 14 July 2009
Wednesday, 8 July 2009
AUSTRALIA: Scientist Pushes For Coral Triangle Action
While Australia remains committed to playing an ongoing role in assisting the six nations of the Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) to protect their marine environments, a leading scientist here says that an Australian-style of management in the triangle will not work.
”There is no single recipe for how to manage a reef well and the Great Barrier Reef model is not exportable to a poor country,” says Professor Terry Hughes, director of the highly-regarded Australian Research Council's Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies. The centre is a partnership of several leading universities and statutory bodies - located at James Cook University in Townsville.
The future of Australia's Great Barrier Reef (GBR) remains uncertain: global warming threatens to devastate the GBR while other hazards such as pollution, over-fishing and tourism also exist. Nonetheless, it remains in good condition compared to many other reef systems around the world.
Central to this is the extensive protection afforded to the GBR by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. This body advises the government on matters related to the GBR and is responsible for protecting the world's largest reef system through zoning and management plans, assessing environmental impacts and conducting research.
Hughes told IPS that Australia's ability to fund the management of such marine environments sets it apart from developing nations.
”Australia is very much the lucky country when it comes to having the resources to manage reefs and to pay for science and reef management,” he says.
”There's a huge contrast between Australian investment in science and reef management compared to almost anywhere else in the world because most coral reef countries in the tropics are developing countries and just don't have the resources that we do,” he adds.
But the signing of the declaration of the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security at the CTI summit in Manado, Indonesia in May indicates that where the political will exists, less-affluent nations can also undertake action to protect their marine environments for the benefit of current and future generations.
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, East Timor, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands - the so-called Coral Triangle Six (CT6) - have committed to cooperate to preserve the biologically diverse yet highly-populated Coral Triangle, an area which covers some 5.7 million square kilometers in Southeast Asia and Melanesia.
Although it represents just one percent of the Earth's surface area, the triangle is home to 76 percent of coral species which support the world's highest diversity of marine life.
The CT6 have instigated a ten-year ”Regional Plan of Action” to cover the management of marine zones, fisheries and other resources, establish marine protected areas, introduce plans to adapt to the effects of climate change and improve the status of threatened species including corals, mangroves, sea turtles, birds and sharks.
However, coral ecosystems within the ”amazon of the seas” are under severe pressure, as outlined in a joint report by conservation group WWF and the University of Queensland. The release of this report coincided with the CTI meet in Manado, which looks at the impact of climate change in the Coral Triangle.
While describing the detrimental effects on the triangle's marine environments caused by coastal deforestation, the reclamation of wetlands for urban development, destructive fishing practices and poor water quality resulting from aquaculture, agriculture, sewerage and other pollutants, the report identifies global warming - manifested by rising sea temperatures and increased ocean acidification - as a major threat to the triangle's biodiversity.
And with the area's resources vital for the survival of 150 million people living in and around the coastal regions of the Coral Triangle, WWF has urged Australia to fully support the fledgling CTI.
”Australia has built considerable expertise in coral reef conservation, science and management, and could play an important role in building the capacity of Coral Triangle countries to protect these critical marine environments,” said Gilly Llewellyn, WWF-Australia's manager of conservation.
Yet Australia is currently involved in researching marine environments in the triangle and in the Pacific region, with the Centre for Reef Studies working already in the Philippines, Indonesia, the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea.
”The initiative is new and it's wonderful to see it, but Australian scientists see this as an opportunity to ramp-up an existing engagement. It's not as if we're starting from scratch,” says Hughes.Additionally, of the Centre's current batch of 155 PhD students, 95 are from the immediate region. Australia was quick to pledge an initial AUD$2 million to fund critical projects within the CTI - part of the USD$300 million to be provided by the Global Environment Facility, the Asian Development Bank, the United States and other partners. The Rudd government describes the first phase of this as an ”ongoing plan” to back the CT6.
”This investment will focus on areas where we can make the greatest contribution by sharing our knowledge and directly supporting capacity building in marine biodiversity conservation, sustainable fisheries, protecting vulnerable marine species and community empowerment,” said Peter Garrett, the country's environment minister.
Australia's role as a supporter of the CT6 stems from a request sent to it by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at a CTI meeting in Bali in Dec. 2007. He asked for Australian technical expertise to aid in protecting the triangle.
Hughes told IPS that Australia is compelled to act. ”Australia has a capacity that, in my opinion, obligates it to be a major player in the Coral Triangle region,” he said.While he supports the view that the threat faced by the inhabitants of the triangle's coastal areas requires a multilateral approach, the diversity of marine environments within the Coral Triangle means that a one-size-fits-all solution to management is not viable.
”You need to tailor-make the management style to what will work on the ground in the different regions,” says Hughes
”There is no single recipe for how to manage a reef well and the Great Barrier Reef model is not exportable to a poor country,” says Professor Terry Hughes, director of the highly-regarded Australian Research Council's Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies. The centre is a partnership of several leading universities and statutory bodies - located at James Cook University in Townsville.
The future of Australia's Great Barrier Reef (GBR) remains uncertain: global warming threatens to devastate the GBR while other hazards such as pollution, over-fishing and tourism also exist. Nonetheless, it remains in good condition compared to many other reef systems around the world.
Central to this is the extensive protection afforded to the GBR by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. This body advises the government on matters related to the GBR and is responsible for protecting the world's largest reef system through zoning and management plans, assessing environmental impacts and conducting research.
Hughes told IPS that Australia's ability to fund the management of such marine environments sets it apart from developing nations.
”Australia is very much the lucky country when it comes to having the resources to manage reefs and to pay for science and reef management,” he says.
”There's a huge contrast between Australian investment in science and reef management compared to almost anywhere else in the world because most coral reef countries in the tropics are developing countries and just don't have the resources that we do,” he adds.
But the signing of the declaration of the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security at the CTI summit in Manado, Indonesia in May indicates that where the political will exists, less-affluent nations can also undertake action to protect their marine environments for the benefit of current and future generations.
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, East Timor, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands - the so-called Coral Triangle Six (CT6) - have committed to cooperate to preserve the biologically diverse yet highly-populated Coral Triangle, an area which covers some 5.7 million square kilometers in Southeast Asia and Melanesia.
Although it represents just one percent of the Earth's surface area, the triangle is home to 76 percent of coral species which support the world's highest diversity of marine life.
The CT6 have instigated a ten-year ”Regional Plan of Action” to cover the management of marine zones, fisheries and other resources, establish marine protected areas, introduce plans to adapt to the effects of climate change and improve the status of threatened species including corals, mangroves, sea turtles, birds and sharks.
However, coral ecosystems within the ”amazon of the seas” are under severe pressure, as outlined in a joint report by conservation group WWF and the University of Queensland. The release of this report coincided with the CTI meet in Manado, which looks at the impact of climate change in the Coral Triangle.
While describing the detrimental effects on the triangle's marine environments caused by coastal deforestation, the reclamation of wetlands for urban development, destructive fishing practices and poor water quality resulting from aquaculture, agriculture, sewerage and other pollutants, the report identifies global warming - manifested by rising sea temperatures and increased ocean acidification - as a major threat to the triangle's biodiversity.
And with the area's resources vital for the survival of 150 million people living in and around the coastal regions of the Coral Triangle, WWF has urged Australia to fully support the fledgling CTI.
”Australia has built considerable expertise in coral reef conservation, science and management, and could play an important role in building the capacity of Coral Triangle countries to protect these critical marine environments,” said Gilly Llewellyn, WWF-Australia's manager of conservation.
Yet Australia is currently involved in researching marine environments in the triangle and in the Pacific region, with the Centre for Reef Studies working already in the Philippines, Indonesia, the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea.
”The initiative is new and it's wonderful to see it, but Australian scientists see this as an opportunity to ramp-up an existing engagement. It's not as if we're starting from scratch,” says Hughes.Additionally, of the Centre's current batch of 155 PhD students, 95 are from the immediate region. Australia was quick to pledge an initial AUD$2 million to fund critical projects within the CTI - part of the USD$300 million to be provided by the Global Environment Facility, the Asian Development Bank, the United States and other partners. The Rudd government describes the first phase of this as an ”ongoing plan” to back the CT6.
”This investment will focus on areas where we can make the greatest contribution by sharing our knowledge and directly supporting capacity building in marine biodiversity conservation, sustainable fisheries, protecting vulnerable marine species and community empowerment,” said Peter Garrett, the country's environment minister.
Australia's role as a supporter of the CT6 stems from a request sent to it by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at a CTI meeting in Bali in Dec. 2007. He asked for Australian technical expertise to aid in protecting the triangle.
Hughes told IPS that Australia is compelled to act. ”Australia has a capacity that, in my opinion, obligates it to be a major player in the Coral Triangle region,” he said.While he supports the view that the threat faced by the inhabitants of the triangle's coastal areas requires a multilateral approach, the diversity of marine environments within the Coral Triangle means that a one-size-fits-all solution to management is not viable.
”You need to tailor-make the management style to what will work on the ground in the different regions,” says Hughes
Tuesday, 7 July 2009
Semester break
Wainhira ami iha ferias semester iha universidade, hau ho kolega Timor oan sira ami lao sai husi sidade nebe bain-bain ami hela, ba fatin ida iha Ilha Norte, ami nia intensaun lao para hare ema Kiwi (refere ba Nova Zelandia nia ema husi nasaun seluk maibe sai ona sidadaun NZ) no Mouri (ema rai nain NZ) nia rai no akumpainha mos oinsa ema sira ne'e dezenvolve sira nia meio ambiente. Iha ne'e ita bele hare katak husi rai rohan ba rohan sempre verde tamba buat hotu organizadu hotu.
Buat ida nebe hau siente intersante iha ne'e maka sira konsiensia atu kuidadu sira nia ambiental, mesmu iha lei sira nebe uza hodi regula meio ambiental. Intersante liu tan wainhira mai to'o iha distritu ida naran Taupo. Distritu ida ne'e sai hanesan premeiru lugar alein sidade Auckland no Wellington hanesan kapital Nova Zelandia. Distritu ne'e sai hanesan fatin turista nebe famouza liu iha Ilha Norte ne'e. Distritu ida ne'e nia rendementu husi parte oin-oin hanesan, peska, floresta, turismo inckui industria (hotel ho restaurante sira) turismo nian, agrikultura (hakiak animal, hakiak du'ut hodi sustenta animal sira). Distritu ida ne'e nia mean annual income $25,000 (vinte cinco mil dolares NZ) equlibru ho US$ 14,100 numiru ida ne'e as liu mean nasional nebe NZ$ 24,000.
Atu bele proteza meio ambiente sira iha lei Resources Management Act, ida ne'e hanesan baze ba lei protesaun hotu-hotu ba ambiente no sst. Regulamentus seluk hanesan peska, biodiversidade, Transporte maritima, Biosecurity Act. Sira ne'e hotu bazeia ba National Policy Statement nebe foka liu problema nasional no objectivu dezenvolvimentu nebe sustentavel. Alien ida ne'e, Rezion no distritus sira hotu tenki halo sira nia lei nebe labele kontrariu fali ho regulamentus nebe mai husi nasional. Katak strutura ba regulamentu sira ne'e iha hirarkia ida.
Hirarkia lei sira ne'e maka hanesan:
National Policy statement
Regional Policy statement
Regional District Plan
Distric plan
Ho hirarkia ida ne'e ita bele hatete katak buat hotu nebe tau iha National Policy statement ikus liu sei aplika iha Distritu nebe regula husi district plan. Signifika katak monitorizaun ba actividade hotu - hotu, sei hala'o husi distritu ida-idak nian.
District plan regula buat hotu iha distritu ida nian nebe bazeia ba investigasaun hodi identifika sira nia rekursu iha distritu ida - idak. iha district plan inclui sasan sira hanesan dezenvovimentu turismu (tasi no terestres) cultural heritage, infrastructura, waste management inclui canalizasaun foer, fatin investigasaun sencias, discharge contaminants, no sst nebe mos inklui standard assessment nebe uza hodi halo assessmentu ba atividade nebe hala'o. sira ne'e hotu distritu maka dezenhu bazeia ba objectivu dezenvolvimentu nasional.
Saturday, 4 July 2009
Agricultura No Meio Ambiente
Wainhira Timor Leste hamrik, iha nanis ona problema meio ambiente nian nebe mosu iha mundu no sai ema hotu-hotu nia prekupasaun. Pior liu tan problema ne’e halo ema barak paniku no moris iha frustasaun nia laran no sai ameasa piskologia ba nasaun kiik sira inklui mos Timor Leste, amesa piskologia tamba iha evidensia sensia hatete katak rai manas (temperature sae) afeta zelu iha Antartica no Artic naben lalais rezulta ba tasi sae, no ida ne’e afeta ba ema sira nebe moris iha tasi ibun no halo nasaun sira nebe iha ilha kiik sira sei mout. Ida ne’e realidade nebe agora mundu tomak hasoru.
Maibe, antes ita koalia konaba kestaun ne’e (rai manas) ita hare uluk problema simples nebe akuntese iha ita nai rai laran no kontribui duni ba problema nebe boot iha mundu ne’e. Oinsa maka ita hare kestaun husi ita nia nasaun nia prespektiva. Atu bele involve an iha kazu global ne’e, ita tenki hare no resolve uluk problema sira iha nasaun laran, liu-liu oinsa maka ita nia politika (inklui sufisiente no apropiadu regulamentus) meio ambiente atu resolve ita nia problema domestiku. Iha parte seluk, kestaun hanesan pobreza, edukasun, saude, infrastrutura no seluk – seluk tan sai problema nebe importante liu atu ita hadia lalais.
Maibe perguntas maka ne’e, wainhira maka ita aplika kestaun meio ambiente nian? Atu bele responde ida ne’e, depende ba ita nia kapasidade, ita nia politika meio ambiente, no ema hotu-hotu nia konsensia katak meio ambiente mos importante no presiza hadia lalais. Tamba iha situasaun global agora ne’e, hakarak ka lakohi ita tenki hasoru no hamrik hadia ita nia meio ambiente, se lae wainhira sektores seluk dezenvolve tiha ona, susar ba ita atu fila hadia. Sei dificil liutan wainhira kustu nebe uza hodi hadia meio ambiente no lori tempu naruk.
Atu bele kumesa dezenvolve, ita mos presiza sistema ida, detailhu estudus, hodi bele suporta sustantevel dezenvolvimento. nebe signifika katak, saida deit maka ita halao no uza tenki hare husi aspektu oi-oin (ambiente, biodiversidade, economico no natural estetika) hodi bele fo benefisiu ba aspektu sira ne’e hotu sein iha redusaun ba rekursus nebe ita uza no bele sustatenta mos nesesidade gerasaun aban bai rua nian (la inclui rekursu minerais). Ida ne’e konseitu geral nebe kuandu spesifiku liu, aplika ba setore hotu-hotu inclui setor agricultura.
Iha Timor Leste, faktores sira nebe afeta meio ambiente husi atividade agricultura maka hanesan:
Ida, frequensia loke tos foun. ida ne’e akontese tamba agrikultor sira la iha kuineshementu nebe suficiente. Iha ne’e dala barak sira hili tos fatin foun la tuir padraun tos nian, hanesan tos loke foun nebe oras ne’e dadauk iha Carimbala (ezemplu deit), parte distritu Liquiςa. Iha ne’e ita bele hatete katak produsaun mai husi tos ne’e iha tinan premeiru bele diak maibe ikus fali fatin ne’e labele ona fo produsaun ida ke diak. Kazu hanesan ne’e akuntese iha fatin barak iha Timor Leste. Impaktu negative maka rai sai la forsa kuandu udan tau bebeik sei akuntese rai halai resulta ba estrada iha fatin ne’e bele kotu.
Rua, sunu rai. Iha Timor Leste, buat ida commun tamba iha tempu bai loron ita hare ema sunu rai, akuntese iha fatin barak. Iha Dili ita bele hare iha rai lolon sira iha Dili nia leten neba. Rezultadu husi atividade ne’e maka plantasaun barak mate no sai estragus. Rezultadu seluk husi aktividade ne’e maka estaraga habitat ba animal sira (manu fuik, manu kiik, invertebrates no sst) nebe hamutuk forma ekosistem ida. Inundasaun iha tempu udan, produs barak carbon monoxide afeta rai manas, no redus capasidade rai nian hodi forma be’e.
Tolu, husik animal, ne’e dala barak estraga ecologia, mayoria agricultor sira husik sira nia animal, tamba agricultor sira falta kuineshementu konaba oinsa dezenvolve agricultura sai komersiu no mantein natural ecologia, no mos kuineshementu konaba oinsa husik animal afeta ba ecologia.
Hat, falta kuineshementu, sistema agricultura iha Timor Leste sei bazea ba substensial agricultura. Tamba ne’e, presiza forma rekursu humanus agricultura nebe forte no presiza assistensia makas hodi hasa’e produsaun, inclui mos centru investigasaun nasional ida. Para hare mos kestaun aktual no bele fasilita transforma informasaun ba publiku liu-liu agrikultor sira.
Lima, falta lei no regulamentu, parte ida nebe ita bele hare iha Timor Leste katak lei no regulamentu seidauk suficiente no ema nebe atu halo’o funsaun ne’e sei falta.
Nen, seidauk funsiona relevante funsaun publika nebe bele halo monitorizaun konaba apalikasaun lei no regulamentus iha sosiadade nia let. Karik lei regulamentus disponivel, hanesan se maka atu halo’o monitorizasaun, guvernu central ka authoridade lokal sira.
Kestaun sira iha leten sei bele redus no rezulta ba hadia’a qualidade ambiental kuanndu, oragaun kompetente no sidadaun hotu – hotu bele iha neon katak problema ambiental mos sai hanesan problema importante ba ita nia nasaun. Iha lia fuan seluk bele hatete katak, investementu iha meio ambiente bele hahu dadauk hamutuk ho problema sira seluk iha nasaun nia laran hodi aban bairua lalika investe dala rua ba problema nebe hanesan.
Kualidade ambiente nebe diak mos ajuda aselera dezenvolvimentu iha parte turismo nian tamba nia fo benifisiu boot ba nasaun, pontu ida ne'e hanesan intrumentu positivu ba turismo tamba natural estetika nebe esiste, mai husi kualidade ambiental nebe diak.
Thursday, 25 June 2009
Timor seeks help to protect whale, dolphin hotspot
The government of East Timor says it plans to establish a national park to protect a bounty of dolphins and whales — some of them endangered species — recently discovered mingling and feeding off the coast of Asia's youngest country.
But officials say they will need foreign assistance to preserve the area and develop eco-tourism in one of the few places in the world with such numbers and variety of large sea mammals, thanks to its unusual geography and, possibly, to years of relative isolation.
Aerial surveys of the hotspot by scientists from the Australian Institute of Marine Science recorded "an exceptional diversity and abundance" of dolphins and whales, according to findings recently handed to officials in Dili.
"What you have in East Timor is a period of the year where there really is an incredible diversity of cetacean species, of dolphins in particular, small whales and even large whales," lead scientist Mark Meekan said. "That makes Timor quite unique."
Between April and November, the Australian and Timorese researchers spotted endangered blue whales, sperm whales and sei whales during flights along the island's northern and southern coasts.
Activity peaked in November, when they recorded spinner and spotted dolphins — internationally classified as depleted species — gathered in groups or pods of several hundred and mixing with small whales.
The waters around the mountainous island are squeezed into a narrow, deep sea trench that brings the animals together in vast numbers. More research is needed to learn why they are there and if it is an annual migration route, Meekan said.
The discovery has prompted vows from the Timorese leadership to declare the area a protected national park and develop it for ecotourism. Funding is being sought from the Asian Development Bank, the newly established six-nation Coral Triangle Initiative and other foreign donors, he said.
The marine institute recommended that East Timor promote whale watching and conduct follow-up studies to identify migratory pathways and establish guidelines for protecting species.
Mariano Sabino, the minister for agriculture and fisheries, told The Associated Press in an interview that it has become a priority to implement the recommendations. "It is our moral responsibility to implement them for the affluence of the Timorese people," he said. Sabino said outside help was essential for the effort, but did not immediately have a firm estimate of how much was needed.
The discovery of world-class marine life within a mile (2 kilometers) of East Timor's shores poses an opportunity to help reduce towering unemployment for the country's 1 million people, said Curt Jenner, managing director of the Australian Centre for Whale Research. "It shows the world that intensely productive areas such as this only exist in a very few and special places on the planet," Jenner said. "If tourism and science can help protect these areas, then that's perfect."
Source:http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hIkKEzCp34bNlVyP0J0C9F4CtMEQD991HQAO0
But officials say they will need foreign assistance to preserve the area and develop eco-tourism in one of the few places in the world with such numbers and variety of large sea mammals, thanks to its unusual geography and, possibly, to years of relative isolation.
Aerial surveys of the hotspot by scientists from the Australian Institute of Marine Science recorded "an exceptional diversity and abundance" of dolphins and whales, according to findings recently handed to officials in Dili.
"What you have in East Timor is a period of the year where there really is an incredible diversity of cetacean species, of dolphins in particular, small whales and even large whales," lead scientist Mark Meekan said. "That makes Timor quite unique."
Between April and November, the Australian and Timorese researchers spotted endangered blue whales, sperm whales and sei whales during flights along the island's northern and southern coasts.
Activity peaked in November, when they recorded spinner and spotted dolphins — internationally classified as depleted species — gathered in groups or pods of several hundred and mixing with small whales.
The waters around the mountainous island are squeezed into a narrow, deep sea trench that brings the animals together in vast numbers. More research is needed to learn why they are there and if it is an annual migration route, Meekan said.
The discovery has prompted vows from the Timorese leadership to declare the area a protected national park and develop it for ecotourism. Funding is being sought from the Asian Development Bank, the newly established six-nation Coral Triangle Initiative and other foreign donors, he said.
The marine institute recommended that East Timor promote whale watching and conduct follow-up studies to identify migratory pathways and establish guidelines for protecting species.
Mariano Sabino, the minister for agriculture and fisheries, told The Associated Press in an interview that it has become a priority to implement the recommendations. "It is our moral responsibility to implement them for the affluence of the Timorese people," he said. Sabino said outside help was essential for the effort, but did not immediately have a firm estimate of how much was needed.
The discovery of world-class marine life within a mile (2 kilometers) of East Timor's shores poses an opportunity to help reduce towering unemployment for the country's 1 million people, said Curt Jenner, managing director of the Australian Centre for Whale Research. "It shows the world that intensely productive areas such as this only exist in a very few and special places on the planet," Jenner said. "If tourism and science can help protect these areas, then that's perfect."
Source:http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hIkKEzCp34bNlVyP0J0C9F4CtMEQD991HQAO0
Friday, 8 May 2009
Aquatic food webs and the effect on humans lives
The world's waters were once seen as a boundless source of fish for humans to eat, but over-fishing and aquaculture have depleted some species and left others famished and weak. These conditions accumulated with climate change and degrade which cause more stressful to fish populations. Different temperature causes uncertainty water masses in the ocean. This means warm water more forced to the poles. These differences affect food webs and habitats.
While, in many countries in developing aquaculture, are not supplied with sufficient sustainable management, which is in turning, the food linkages are being cut, such as mangrove areas have been changed for the aquaculture site. Changing the natural functions of mangrove also contributed in increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. When the excessive carbon dioxide present, photosynthesis eliminates and the rest absorbed by ocean. In the ocean, this may lead to acidic condition that causes coral bleaching. It then causes breaking off food web and biodiversity.
In addition, the big fish seems mostly appeared on the wealth countries. For example, salmon and tuna have been over-fished. When these are hard to obtain, then small fish is targeted and it’s under pressure. Which is not supposedly used for human consumption. The potential problems are remained lying ahead, and all about how we are going to deal with these situations to sustain our lives.
Aquaculture is the option, but how sustainable management can be reached to address the issues and to derive maximum production in sustaining human life. There have been many adverse effects raised. In future, development has to be considering the adverse effects. And any single project has to be included a comprehensive assessment which is environmentally friendly. The objective is to minimise any impact that may rise and allow sustainable resources management.
While, in many countries in developing aquaculture, are not supplied with sufficient sustainable management, which is in turning, the food linkages are being cut, such as mangrove areas have been changed for the aquaculture site. Changing the natural functions of mangrove also contributed in increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. When the excessive carbon dioxide present, photosynthesis eliminates and the rest absorbed by ocean. In the ocean, this may lead to acidic condition that causes coral bleaching. It then causes breaking off food web and biodiversity.
In addition, the big fish seems mostly appeared on the wealth countries. For example, salmon and tuna have been over-fished. When these are hard to obtain, then small fish is targeted and it’s under pressure. Which is not supposedly used for human consumption. The potential problems are remained lying ahead, and all about how we are going to deal with these situations to sustain our lives.
Aquaculture is the option, but how sustainable management can be reached to address the issues and to derive maximum production in sustaining human life. There have been many adverse effects raised. In future, development has to be considering the adverse effects. And any single project has to be included a comprehensive assessment which is environmentally friendly. The objective is to minimise any impact that may rise and allow sustainable resources management.
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